Lezi yizinto ezithi ngemva kokufaka isicelobashiya ungqimba oluncane ebusweniungqimba oluqinile noma oluvikelayo (noma kokubili nabanye). Yini edingekayo kulaba kusho: ipulasitiki enhle okwenza kube lula ukuthola umfaniswanonog enamathela, ukwamukela ephelele for isisekelo, impilo yeshelufu enengqondo nengxenyeukushesha kombala. Ama-ejenti ombala sihlukanisa ngokwezinto lokho kuyabenza.
Amapende asekelwe emanzini
Amapende asekelwe emanzini asetshenziswa njengezincibilikisiahlukanise amanzi. Kulula ukuzisebenzisa futhi ziyashesha omisiwe (cishe amahora ama-2). Yabo ngokwezifisoukusetshenziswa okuvamile ukudweba ukhonkolo kanye kakhonkolo.
Ubisi lwe-lime, olutholakala ngokukhulange-slaked lime, isetshenziselwa i-ecoUmbala we-nomic, kodwa awunakuvinjelwa: uma siyihlikihla ngisho kancane, iyabhidlika. Eluhlazahhayi imibala, eyamukelwa kahle udaka, kodwa hhayi ukhonkolo kanye ne-putty, kuyaqabukela basebenzisa noma ngenxa yempilo emfishane, noma ngenxa yemali engenayo ephansi ngokwesisekelo. Singenza okwengeziwe ngemibala ye-limezinzisa nezinye iziqinisi. Ukusukasingathola uhlu oluhlelekile lwemibala ngokungeza eminye imibala esixazululweniNgantanta emanzini.
Amapende asekelwe ku-plaster kanye ne-glue awawona amahle kakhuluukumelana kakhulu nokusulwa nokuzisebenzisa ezakhiweni kuphela. Siyawenza usebenzisa uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-plaster ku-prahu esiyixovayo siyincibilikise emanzinidi, sizokubopha ngeglu. Okuningi ku- sebenzisa, ngokusebenziseka kwayo, i-cellulose glue e-Ijuska. Ngemva uma nje siyimanzisa emanzini, iyagugaumgodi ongaphezulu noma omncane ominyene ingxube. Imibala ehlukahlukene itholakala kalula usebenzisa amapende e-vinyl asekelwe emanzini. WoAngikwazi ukukwenza ngesisekelo se-plaster ne-glue sebenzisa ezingqimbeni ezindala. Ngaphambi kwentsha umbala, kufanele sikusebenzise, uma kuyisisekelo we-plaster, susa ngesipontshi esimanzi size sifike ku-plaster ongenalutho. Uma i-substrate i-plaster, nayo sidinga ukuzinwaya ezimanzi.
I-Tempera noma imibala yamanzi engakwenzi zingawashwa, zakha lapho zomiswa ngempela ifilimu ukumelana. Kodwa ifilimu iyaphuma ekuthintaneni namanzi. Ngaphambili bakwenza le mibala yayiboshwe ngokufudumeza nge ingcina ekhethekile. Namuhla, minaophuzi, izindawo zokungcebeleka zochwepheshe osevele uzilungisileizingcaphuno. Izendlalelo ezindala ze-tempera mokunzima ukuphinda okungenani kanye, kodwa uma kunesidingo ifika kusimende, kufanele ichithwe. Imibala yamanzi engawashwa ngokuqinisekile ziyimikhiqizo eyifanele ukunikeza ukwethenjwa okukhulu. Moingasetshenziswa kwinani elikhulu lamai-tererial (noma yiluphi uhlobo lodaka, njenge naphezu kokhuni) zenziwe ububanzi i-spectrum yombala. kalula ukwakha okuningi ungqimba olumelana namanzi nokungqubuzana, cha bavumela izindonga ukuba "ziphefumule". Moukusebenzisa izendlalelo ezintsha phezu kwendala umbala ngemva ukugeza elula bykwenziwe. Imibala yakamuva yalolu hloboi-titanium emhlophe ikhula njengombala oyinhloko futhi njenge-synthetic resin binder. Amanzi amapende okufaka isicelo emagcekeni zihluke kancane kunezokuqalakahle kusukela ngaphandle nokuthi ngekhwalithi ye-binder (ngokuhleleka, i-vinyl ne-acrylic) kanye ne-pigmentukuthi, esimweni sokuqala salezi ezikhanyayo, esimweni sesibiligom, imelana kakhulu nokukhanya. Imibala yamanzi amile ukuze isetshenziswe izingxenye zangaphandle zezakhiwo singakwazi sebenzisa futhi amakamelo angaphakathi, kodwa hhayi ngokuphambene.
Lakovl
Ama-lacquers asetshenziswa njenge-solvent izinto ezahlukene, ezihwamukayo ngokushesha noma kancane. Ziyasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ukumboza ngokhuni noma metal evele, lapho amafomuraju ungqimba olumelana kakhulu, olungangeneki ngamanzi. Amavarnish acacile yiwo okuthi uma isetshenziswa endaweni ethileisitimela ikuvumela ukuba ubone incazeloyena. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-varnishes ane-pigmented, ashiyebachithe ifilimu enombala. I-imeyili ikhethekile uhlobo lokuvanisha olunikeza indawo ecwebezelayoski layer.
Kuye ngohlobo lwama-com ahlukahlukeneNgamanye amazwi, sihlukanisa izigaba ezininganaama-varnishes. Ama-Yakovs anamafutha aphansi wamafutha aguquguqukayo (imvamisa abilisiwe i-linseed oil) nama-resin emvelo. Thanda i-solvent esetshenzisiwe yi-turpentine kanye zoma emahoreni ayisithupha ekuqaleni. NgaphandleKusetshenziswa ama-varnish empi alolu hlobo ikakhulukazi ezokwemboza isihlahla okuyinto ivikelwe kanjalo, kodwa futhi nemikhumbi eyisici, imicu ihlala ibonakala. Izingulube ukuthi zifakiwe esembozweni, zombilika-Iakov zenziwe "ngezinc ezimhlophe" futhi »titanium emhlophe", ngezipesheliwopende kawoyela ukuze kutholwe omkhulu ukukhetha kwemibala ehlukahlukene. Ngaphandle kwe-varnishzokhuni nensimbi (insimbi), lezi laizinhlamvu zemali zivame ukusetshenziswa ukuze uthole izindawo ezingakwazi ukungena ngaphandlewona nezindonga zangaphakathi. I-Synthama-polishes enziwe ngama-syntheticskih resin, nge noma ngaphandle kwezithasiselo priamafutha omdabu ancibilike ngokuhambisanayoama-solvents anamandla. Noma engenambala ama-varnish, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-enamel, anesicelo esifanayo kanye nama-varnishes anamafutha, awobayajabula ngokuthi bamelana kakhulu nakho umswakama kanye nama-atmospheric agents, futhi kukhonaisikhathi siba sifushane (cishe amahora amathathu).
Ama-varnish asekelwe otshwaleni ayizixazululo yama-resin akhethekile (uhlobo lwe-copal) ku utshwala. Futhi ama-varnish angenambala nama-enamel abajwayele ukuphaphezulu »izandla« kodwa okwesisekelo kuphela ngoba banikeza imiphumela emaphakathi.
I-Nitrocellulose varnishes iqukethe ngaphezu kwalokho izincibilikisi ezikhethekile nezemvelo i izinto ezenziwe nge-plasticizing kanye nama-resin. Kuyisici sabo esiyisisekelo ukuhwamuka (ukukoma) ku-najesikhathini esifushane (cishe imizuzu engama-30) futhi yebo yakha ungqimba oluncane kakhulu. Kusukela kulokho Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izifutho zivame ukusetshenziswangayo, hhayi ngebhulashi (elithengiswa ngaphakathi amabhodlela okufutha). Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ngokudweba insimbi, futhi banikeza imiphumela emihle imiphumela ngokhuni kanye nodonga oluvame kakhulunim substrates.
Ama-enamel asekelwe emanzini, benza lula ama-varnishes amancaneziyasebenza ngoba azidingi lutho ukulungiswa kokuqala kwemibala eyisisekeloma (imibala eyisisekelo). Kanti yini zidinga izincibilikisi ezikhethekile, kakade ingaphinda incibilike emanzini angenalutho imele inzuzo encane. Itafula mayelana nokumelana, ukukhanya nokuqina, azikho buthakathaka kunezomdabu koqweqwe lwawo.
Amapende okuzivikela nama-varnish
Amapende okuzivikela nama-varnish kufanele avikele izindawo ezisetshenziswa kuzo futhi yebo kanjalo bazuza ukongiwa kwemvelo okuhleingxenye. Cishe zonke izinkinga conukugcona kungaxazululwa ngokuphendulaumkhiqizo owengeziwe.
Ama-varnish angangeni manzi, njengalawo angaphansi abicah, kukhona uketshezi esobala ukuthi zivikela izindawo emazingeni futhi azishintshi ukubukeka kwabo. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ngaphandlehhayi izindonga.
Ama-lacquers asekelwe ku-polyester ne-polyureatana yakha uchwepheshe ovikelayo esihlahleniungqimba olungangeneki emanziniyinde futhi imelana impela nokuklwebheka. Zisetshenziselwa phansi ngokhuni namafreyimu amafasitela, iminyango futhi ngokuvamile, ngaphandlemanje umsebenzi wokhuni.
I-antibacterial, i-antiparasitic futhi imnandiimibala ye-gicidal ivikela ekuhlaselweni kwe-parasite hhayi ukhuni kuphela, kodwa nanoma yimuphi omunye impahla (udaka, ukhonkolo, itshe, opelapho). Azinashevu futhi imvula ayikwazi ukubabulala phansi.
Amapende aphikisana nosawoti asetshenziswa thcom ezindongeni ezilinyazwe i-saltpeter. Ngaphambilini, izindonga kufanele ziguge ngebhulashiasihlanze. Zisebenza njengesisekelo ukudweba, ukufaka iphepha lodonga noma ezinye izindonga zodonga.
Ekugcineni, ake sisho ukuthi zikhona namapende angashi avikela izinkuni kanye ezinye izinto eziyingozi ezivuthayoumthwalo womlilo. Zingavinjelwa ukuphuma emlilweni omkhulu ngenxa yesikhathi esithileyikuphi ukuxhumana, ugwayi ukhohliwe, njll. Asetshenziswa ungqimba olucishe lube wugqinsi ingxenye eyishumi yemilimitha phezu kokhuni, amakhadibhodi, plywood, masonite. Xhumene ngomlilo, umbala kudala uhlobo igwebu eliqinile elivimbela umlilo ihlangana nendaba lapho upende uyasetshenziswa. Uhlobo oluhlukile Upende ongashi wokhuni uyasabela ngokuvimbela i-carbonization (imotobonusization) futhi igcina i-karak eyimishiniteristics zokhuni.
Izindlela zokulungiselela i-substrate
Izindlela zokulungiselela i-substrate ziyi imibala esetshenziswa ngebhulashi njengeyokuqala isandla phezu kwendawo ukuze wenze kamuva uthole kangcono okulandelayo, okokugcina »ruke". Bangaba:
-amapende avikelayo, alumayoiqala i-porosity ye-substrate (ukhonkolo, ukhuni) futhi ivimbele lokho uma sekuqediwe Amabala agqashuka ngenxa yokudaya okuhlukahlukene ukumuncwa;
- Imibala eyisisekelo yokuhlinzeka ngesisekelo phezu kwezinkuni, njengosimende nezinye zigcwalisa izimbotshana zokhuni futhi zidale indawo ebushelelezi yokuvanisha kamuva,
-opende abanqanda ukubola bafakwa kuwo insimbi ukuvimbela ukugqwala.
Ngale njongo, ngaphandle kokuhola kwakudalai-nog minium (i-lead oxide) ngaphakathi Amafutha e-flaxseed avame ukusetshenziswa kanye nemikhiqizo yokwenziwa ene-pigment ngokusekelwe ku-chromium ne-iron oxide, kabani inzuzo ukuthi ishesha kakhulu babe. Kukhona nemikhiqizo esekhona yoma ngokushesha - ngehora elilodwa ngokwesilinganiso, Isibonelo sombala wokugeza sivumelangcono ukwamukelwa kwama-lacquers ensimbi, futhi ziyadingeka njengengxenye yokuqala insimbi eyakhiwe phezu kwayo kungenjalo alikwazanga ukuthola ungqimba ama-varnishes ajwayelekile.
