Ukhuni mhlawumbi, ecaleni kwelitye, into yokuqala eyenziwa ngayo umntu wazenzela izixhobo kunye nezincedisi. Uncedo lokuqala lomntu wamandulo lwalungekho ayinakuba yinto ngaphandle kweklabhu ethile, isiteyki, isebe, okanye iliva, umkhondo owathi shwaka kwiinkulungwane zexesha elidlulileyo.
Ukhuni aluzange lube nenzuzo ngaphezu kwabanye kwixesha elidlulileyo imathiriyeli, isenokubaluleka njengeyona isetyenziswa kakhulungaphandle kwezinto. Nangona kunjalo, njengesixhobo - ngakumbi emva kokwenzeka ubunzima beplastiki - bucinezelwe, kuba ubuninzi "bomthi" izixhobo ezifana nezibambo zesixhobo, imizimba yeplani, njl. benza namhlanje kwiiplastiki. Namhlanje, iinkuni zisetyenziswa ikakhulu njenge izinto eziphathekayo, ukuqala kwisakhiwo sophahla ukuya kwi-skeleton moiinxalenye zenqwelomoya, ukusuka kwi-bulkheads ukuya kwimifanekiso yeplanga.
Ulwazi ngamaplanga
Ekuboneni kokuqala, kubonakala kulula kakhulu ukufumana indlela yakho phakathi kwemithiizixhobo. Noko ke, oku akunjalo: kukuqonda, ukuhlelwa, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulungiswa kweenkuni kuyimfuneko ulwazi lobuchwephesha.
Xa esebenza phantsi kolwalathiso lwakhe, umntu udibana neenkuni njengamaplanga asarhayo, okt. imveliso semi-egqityiweyo. Oomama abanjalozazizezi: iileyithi, imiqadi, amaplanga, iibhodi namacwecwe. Zonke ezi zixhobo zingenziwa ngomthi othambileyo okanye oqinileyo. Umahluko phakathi kwezi zixhobo zombini kwintsimi yokucubungula kunye nexeshaumthwalo mkhulu. Umthi othambileyo ubonwa ngemicu yawo emikhulu, Ulwakhiwo olubonakala lubuthathaka kunye noxinzelelo olulula. Phantse uninzi umthi othambileyo osetyenziswayo ngumsipres. I-fir wood ilula kwaye ilungile inokubunjwa. Endlwini nakwindlu ejikeleze indlu, isetyenziselwa ukwenza: iingcango, iifestile, iifreyimu, njl. Abadala babedla ngokuthi thina umthi othambileyo ulandela ubomi bawo bonke, ukuqala ukusuka kwimbeleko ukuya ibhokisi.
Umthi onzima ugcwele, mkhulu kwaye unzima. Ityhubhiki enye i-decimeter ye-roughwood inobunzima be-830 g, kunye nomthamo ofanayo yomthi othambileyo kuphela 450 gr. Iintsinga zomthi oqinileyo zixinene isasazwe kwaye ibonise imigca ecolekileyo. Umthi onzima kunzima kakhulu ukuwuqhekeza kwaye kukho amaqhekeza ambalwa. Umzekelo omhle wokubonisa iimpawu I-hardwood sisiphatho somtshayelo, izibambo zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-parquet. Imithi enamagqabi afana nenaliti, i-evergreen, ithambile, kwaye isuka i-deciduous, i-birch, i-poplar, i-willow kunye ne-linden ithathwa njengethambileyo.
Kuphela iplanga elomileyo elingaphantsi kwe-13% lifanele ukwenziwa. ukufuma. Wood iqulethe ukufuma kuphela xa ngoko nangoko emva ukugawulwa kuyasetyenzwa (kudla ngokuqhula kuthiwa "kulo mthi isandula ukuculwa yintaka emnyama"), kodwa naxa iqhubekainjana yayinethuba lokufunxa ukufuma. Iyaziwa loo nto Ukhuni lune-hygroscopic, kodwa amanzi afunxa ngokukhawuleza akhululwa ngokukhawuleza kuwo Iba ngumphunga. Umthi othambileyo kufuneka ube mdala iminyaka emibini ubuncinci emva kokusikwa iminyaka, kwaye nzima ezine, ukuze yome ngokwaneleyo ukuze processing. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kunjalo xa ukomiswa kwenziwa kwiimeko zamahhala, i.e. ngokwendalo. Ngoku kukho iinkqubo zekhompyutha zala maxesha kunye nezomisi manzi ezilawula inkqubo yokomisa iinkuni, kwaye ixesha lomgangatho womthi owomileyo liye lancitshiswa izihlandlo ezininzi.
Xa amanzi ephuphuma kumthi omanzi - ngakumbi xa ukomisa kunye nokumanzisa amaxesha amaninzi ngokulandelelana, iinkuni zikhubazeke kakhuluimpuku, "iyasebenza". Oku kuyaqondakala ukuba ucinga ukuba ukufuma okufunxwa ngumthi kungafikelela kwi-130% yento eyomileyo umthi. Deformation ubukhulu becala ixhomekeke kwindawoInxalenye enqamlezileyo yomthi, apho kwakugawulwe khona amaplanga. Ukuba ukuqonda kwe-deformation bekungeke, ngenxa yezinye iikhonsepthi, kuhlaleo engaphelelanga, masiqale siziqhelanise namagama amacandelo yenza ubume bomthi, usebenzisa uMfanekiso woku-1.
UMBONISO 1
Umzobo 2 ubonisa indlela amaplanga kunye nemiqadi ekhubazeka ngayo ukusikwa kumalungu athile omzimba. Uphawu olubaluleke kakhulu lomthi kukuba: umthamo womthi omanzi uyancipha ngenxa yokomisa. Ukusebenza yiloo nto oyifunayo xa usenza izinto kwizinto zokhuni "zilungele" kakuhle kwaye zinqumle zibe nkulu kancinci endaweni yazo Ngaphantsi. (Umzekelo omnye ocacileyo: kumkhombe weplanga lowo umgcini wendlu ugalela amanzi ukuze umthi udumbe kwaye umkhombe udumbe yayeka ukuvuza amanzi. Ibhodi ifunxa amanzi kwaye idumbe kakhulu ukuba iintanda "zivale" kwaye umkhombe awusavuzi).
UMBONISO 2
Uphawu oluphawulekayo lomthi kukuba luxhathisa ngakumbi kwicala lemicu, kodwa kulula ukuyijija, ngelixa i-perpendicular ukuya kwicala iintsinga zophuka lula. Ukuxhathisa kuyahluka kakhulu ngokukhobokisa ukusuka kubuninzi kunye nokufana kokusabalalisa ifayibha. Imicu etyebileyo ukubonelela ukuchasana okukhulu, kwaye kwindawo yokukhululeka kunye nokungalinganiukuxhathisa kweentsinga ezilinganayo ziyancipha.
Amaplanga asarhayo asikwa ngobude kwicala leenkozo, ngaphandle xa isiqobo sajika, isiqhushumbisi. Indawo yokukhula kwamasebe ziphawulwa ngamaqhina, kunye nokujijwa nokujika kwemicu.
Ukuba iplanga elisikiweyo libanzi kakhulu kunobukhulu, ukuya kuthi ga kubukhulu be-40 mm kuthiwa yibhodi, kwaye ngaphezu kobo bukhulu isihlwele. Ukuba imithi inesikwere esinqamlezayo, esiqhelekileyo i-polygonal okanye i-rectangular emva koko ukuya kwi-10x10 imilinganiselo ibizwa ngokuba yi-batten, kwaye ngaphezu kwaloo milinganiselo kukho imiqadi. Ukuba icandelo lomnqamlezo inohlobo oluntsonkothe ngakumbi, olufana, umzekelo, izinto ezilungisiweyo.isakhelo semifanekiso, emva koko ibizwa ngokuba yi-batten eneprofayili.
Amaplanga angasarhanga emacaleni anomnye ubuncinane icala elingalungiswanga kwaye ngenxa yoko alinakudliswa huhlobo ecaleni komnye. Icwangcisiwe, nangona kunjalo, emva kokukhuhla egudileyo, kwaye inemigangatho egudileyo, engenazo iintanda.
Ngokusebenza, i-veneers, i-plywood kunye yamva nje: iibhodi zephaneli kunye neebhodi zevenered. rhoqo uku-iibhodi ngokungalunganga zibizwa ngokuba yi-veneer! Ngokuqhelekileyo i-veneer yenziwe ngokuxobula imithi emikhulu, ejika, malunga nokufana xa iseyile esongwayo ivuliwe. I-sawed veneer se ifunyenwe ngebhodi yokusika emva kwebhodi ecaleni komthi, kunye ne-veneer ihlutshiwe ngemela, ngokusika iipleyiti ngemela ngokunqamlezayo ubude bomthi. Ubunzima bamacwecwe buhluka phakathi kwe-0,6-1,2 mm. I-Veneer ngaphandle komonakalo, ngaphandle kwamaqhina, kunye nokuthungwa okuhle yiveneer yokugquma "ubuso", kwaye incinci, inokuba yonakele kwaye eqhubekayo, encanyatheliswe, yiveneer yecala elingasemva. Yangaphandle, ibonakala ngoumphezulu wefenitshala eninzi ugqunywe ngeveneer, ngelixa kusetyenziswa olunye uhlobo lwe-veneer, umzekelo, ngasemva ifenitshala.
Iibhodi ze-spruce zenziwe ngokuncamathelisa iifurs ezininzi ezomileyoiipleyiti nir phezu kwenye. Ukuba izikhokelo ezifanayoi-henna eqhelekileyo okanye i-diagonal, amandla kunye nobunzima ngeqela ngalinye amaxesha adlula amandla kunye nobunzima bebhodi yobukhulu obufanayo. Ukutyeba ipleyiti ngokwenani leeleya yile: 3-5 mm kuluhlu oluthathu, I-6-8 mm ye-five-layer kunye ne-9-12 mm ye-XNUMX-layer.
I-Veneer kunye neplywood zenziwe kuphela kwi-hardwood kwaye ke ngoko zinzima kuneebhodi ezinobunzima obufanayo. Ubunzima babo buyanda kwaye ngenxa yeglue.
Iipaneli-iibhodi zenziwe kwii-slats zomthi othambileyo i-glued phakathi kweeplanga ezimbini ze-veneer okanye i-plywood, eyandisayo Ubukhulu, ubuso obunzima kunye nobuhle bufunyenwe, kunye nobunzima kunye namandla zinkulu kancinane kuneebhodi zamaplanga ezithambileyo ezinobunzima obufanayo. U kwishishini lefenitshala, iibhodi zepaneli zifumene ukusetyenziswa okubanzi.
Iibhodi ezinelaphu ziibhodi zokhuni (iplywood, iibhodi zephaneli, iichipboards, iibhodi zefiber eqinile njl.njl) zigqunywe ngeebhodi zeplastiki ubunzima. Zinecala elinye okanye omabini agudileyo, acwebezelayo kwaye azikhethele ipeyintiwe (ukulinganisa ibhodi yokhuni, njl.). Azikho ncam ngexabiso eliphantsi, nangona kunjalo zibangelwa ngamandla azo, inkangeleko kunye nokucocwa komphezulu lula usetyenziso olubanzi.
Iibhodi zefiber eziqinileyo (iibhodi zefiber) zenziwe ukusuka iintsinga zehemp ezityumkileyo okanye iitshefu ezithambileyo ixutywe ne-resin eyenziweyo, eyathi emva kwe-thermal processing icinezelwe phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiipleyiti. Ngokuthe ngqo ubunzima babo buphezulu kwaye kunye neebhodi ezinzima zinokufikelela i I-150% yobunzima obuthile bamanzi. La macwecwe ahlala ebizwa iipleyiti ezenziweyo.
Kwaye ekugqibeleni, eli qela lamacwecwe likwabandakanya iipleyiti ezingenanto eyenziwe ngolwakhiwo lwe-lattice yee-softwood slats, zigqunywe ngamacwecwe. Ekubeni zingenakunqunyulwa, zisuka kula macwecwe kuphela izinto ezithile ezenziweyo, ezifana, umzekelo, iingcango.
