Craftsmanship nrog tshuaj thiab polyplasts
Yav dhau los, chemistry tau suav tias yog "dub khawv koob", thaum niaj hnub no peb ntsib nws ntawm txhua kauj ruam, txawm nyob hauv tsevpoj niam txiv neej. Peb paub tias "Black Bull" lossis lwm tus peb tuaj yeem yooj yim ntxuav khaub ncaws nrog detergents. Nws yog rau ntau Nws paub tias tetraethylol nce octane tus naj npawb ntawm cov roj av. Tau kawg, qhov kev paub no tsis ua rau tus neeg ua tus kws tshuaj. Yuav kom ua li ntawd Tom qab tag nrho, cia peb paub txog cov hauv paus ntawm chemistry:
Teeb meem uas tuaj yeem tawg mus rau lwm yam teeb meem, nrog cov khoom sib txawv, txoj kev siv lub cev yooj yim (los ntawm kev xaiv, sifting, hlau nplaum, thiab lwm yam) yog hu ua sib tov. Uas, kiag li homogeneous teeb meem, uas yog zoo li ntawd cov txheej txheem yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom nrog cov khoom sib txawv yog hu ua compound.
Cov tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm molecules ua los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, uas yog khi los ntawm tej yam tshuaj bonds. Cov ntawv cog lus no tsis tso cai rau lawv txoj kev sib cais yooj yim. Kev puas tsuaj, severing ntawm cov bonds yuav tsum tau ntau dua, tshuaj zog kev cuam tshuam. Tom qab ntawd cov molecules tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom atoms. Tau ntev nws tau xav tias atoms tsis tuaj yeem muab faib ntxiv. Hauv peb lub xyoo pua, qhov kev xav ua ntej ntawd atoms muaj txawm me me me me hais tias lawv txawv ntawm ib leeg ob qho tib si ntawm qhov loj thiab hluav taws xob nqi. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws elementary hais yog qhov zoo them proton, nruab nrab neutron thiab tsis zoo electron.
Nws koom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tebchaw ntawm 92 ntuj ntsiab tsuas yog 15 txog 20 ntsiab lus.
Peb ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm atoms ntawm cov ntsiab lus raws li lawv peb piv pes tsawg zaus lawv hnyav dua atoms ntawm lub lightest lub caij ntawm hydrogen (raws li cov lus txhais tshiab ntawm 1/12 ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom.
Tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem nyob ib leeg nrog lwm tus element nyob rau hauv arbitrary, txawm ntau npaum li cas. Ua taupeb xav txog cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm hydrogen atom chav tsev. Yog li ntawd, hydrogen atom yog monovalent. Ib qho atom uas tsim ib qho kev sib txuas nrog ib qho atom hydrogen Nws tseem yog monovalent. Yog hais tias ib yam khoom khi ob, peb, XNUMX lwm. hydrogen atom ces nws yog; ob, peb, plaub thiab lwm yam. valence. Osmovalency yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ib eli. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov ntsiab lus nrog ntau valencekuv lawv yog variable valences.
Cov pab pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tebchaw yog inorganic thiab organic kev sib txuas. Organic compounds muaj carbon, thaum nyob rau hauv inorganic - nrog tsawg tsawg - tsis muaj carbon.
Yog vim li cas rau lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov organic tebchaw muaj peev xwm khi cov pa roj carbon monoxide atoms, uas yog, nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm carbon chains. (Npe organic tebchaw yog vim qhov ua ntej nkag siab tias lawv Tsuas yog cov kab mob muaj sia tuaj yeem tsim tau.)
ACIDS yog cov khoom uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij los yog nyob rau hauv lub plab ua rau mob hnyav, zoo ib yam li kub hnyiab. Cov kua qaub tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau yooj yim siv daim ntawv litmus, vim xiav litmus hloov liab hauv acid. Thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov kua qaub yuav tsum tau tsom iav thiab roj hmab hnab looj tes. Yog nws yog Txawm hais tias ceev faj, ib qho kua qaub poob rau ntawm peb cov tawv nqaij - ua ntej yuav tsum tau wiped nrog ib tug qhuav ntaub, ces ntxuav nyob rau hauv dej ntws nrog dej thiab thaum kawg neutralize kab ntawm acid nrog ib tug daws baking soda (daim duab 1).
DUAB 1
BASES yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau oxides nrog dej. Alkalis yog cov hauv paus uas muaj dej-soluble thiab muaj corrosive nyhuv. Lawv tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim, vim lawv cov nyhuv ntawm liab litmus dej nyab. Lawv yog cov corrosive heev tshuaj. Cov kab mob los ntawm lawv yog qhov nyuaj rau kho, nyuaj dua li qhov txhab los ntawm prousekho nrog acids. HTZ cov cai yog tib yam li cov kua qaub. Yog tias daim tawv nqaij raug mob, nws yuav tsum tau ntxuav nrog diluted acid (na piv txwv nrog acetic acid).
SALTS yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm bases thiab acids. Tsawg los yog lawv tsis khaus tawv nqaij kiag li. Thaum ua haujlwm nrog ntsev, koj yuav tsum ceev faj, vim qee leej muaj tshuaj lom.
Cov tshuaj hauv tsev
Nws tau paub ntev ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum khaws cia zaub movntawm cov khoom.
Preservatives tuaj yeem muab faib ua:
1. Cov ntaub ntawv uas tib lub sijhawm. lawv muab tsw thiab khaws cia khoom: qab zib, ntsev, vinegar, rog, citric acid, tartaric acid kua qaub.
2. Cov khoom siv los rhuav tshem cov kab mob: ntsev, glutamic acid, alum, mis nyuj ntawm txiv qaub, salicylic, benzoic acid acid thiab sodium benzoate.
3. Pythian tshuaj, xim thiab txuj lom.
Qab Zib. Los ntawm kev ntxiv 55% qab zib (qab zib = C12H22O11) rau ib tug neeg cov khoom (los ntawm plums, raspberries, apricots, pears, apples) tsis ntxiv lwm yam tshuaj, peb tuaj yeem khaws nws tag nrhorally (qab zib). Nws tsis pom zoo kom ntxiv ntau dua 55% qab zib, vim cov suab thaj yuav crystallize. Tus nqi qis dua 50% tsis khaws qab zib. Ntxiv qab zib rau cov khoom noj acidic cov khoom, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau boil lawv rau ib lub sij hawm luv luv, vim hais tias decomposition tshwm simntawm qab zib.
Yog li. Lub rooj ntsev (sodium chloride, NaCl) kuj ua haujlwm saj thiab khaws cia tib lub sijhawm. Canning peev xwm Nws yog vim lub hygroscopicity ntawm ntsev (absorbs noo noo). Yog nqaij ntsev, ntsev khi ib qho dej tsis yog los ntawm cov nqaij xwb tab sis kuj los ntawm cov kab mob thiab yog li rhuav tshem lawv. Thiab lwm yam kab mob ua tsis tau. kom ciaj sia tsis muaj dej.
Saltpetre. (Potassium nitrate, KNO3). Ntses, iab, crystalline hmoov. Nws yog nruab nrab. Rau cov kaus poom 2,5 kg ntawm nqaij dissolve 0,5 grams ntawm poov tshuaj nitrate nyob rau hauv 100 g ntawm dej sov. Kuvntub cov nqaij minced nrog cov tshuaj no. Koj yuav tsum ceev faj ntawm kev noj kom raug, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau ntawm potassium saltpeter jyog heev iab thiab lom.
Glutamic acid (amino-pyruvic acid, amino-glutaric acid, NOOS-SN2- SN2- SN (NH)2- TAM SIM NO yog ib qho amino acid pom nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov proteins. Nws yog siv los ua concentrates ntawm ntau yam kua zaub thiab broths (Podravka, Knorr, thiab lwm yam), piv txwv li rau khaws cia nqaij. 1 g ntawm yaj glutamic acid yog noj rau 5 kg ntawm nqaij.
Alum (potassium-aluminium-sulfate, KAl (SO4))2 hauv nyob rau hauv nws lub xeev ntshiab, nws yog siv rau canning, uas yog, rau hardening ntawm cov qauv ntawm softer txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, thiaj li hais tias lawv tsis poob sib nrug thaum lub kaus poom, puas. Rau 1 kg ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo, uas yog ntawm zaub, 1,4 g ntawm alum yog siv.
Mis txiv qaub. Nws muaj cov nyhuv tib yam li alum Dissolve 0,5 kg ntawm quicklime nyob rau hauv 5 liv dej thiab tawm mus cia nws sawv ntsug rau ib hmo, ua tib zoo decant (kho tawm approx 2/3 ntawm cov kua ntshiab) thiab hauv cov kua mis no ntawm txiv qaub [Ca(OH)2] peb tsau txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis zaub rau 15-20 feeb thiab thaum kawg nws qhuavRemo nrog dej sov.
Citric acid. Citric acid yog nyob rau hauv zaub dav heev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua txiv hmab txiv ntoo (Oxy-propane-tricarbonic acid, C6H8O7) Tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw, Cov xim tsis muaj kob ntawm citric acid yaj hauv sov coj 1 mus rau 1 g ntawm acid yog xav tau rau 2 kg ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Tartaric acid. Tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab (C4H6O6), nws poov tshuaj ntsev yog pom nyob rau hauv cawu cub. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kua qaub no zoo ib yam citric acid.
Acetic acid. Tsis muaj kob, nrog ib tug ntse tsw, muaj zog acidic Cov khoom corrosive (SN3TAM SIM NO). Nws yog ib tug yeeb ncuab loj pwm thiab kab mob. Tshaj ib qho concentration, hauv acidic ib puag ncig, kab mob tsis tuaj yeem nyob. Tias yog vim li cas feem ntau sacetic acid siv los khaws cia. Hauv khw pom nyob rau hauv txawv concentrations (lub zog). Rau 1 kg txog 2-3 deciliters ntawm 10% yog txaus rau ib yam khoom acetic acid daws. Acetic acid rhuav tshem loj cov hlau (hlau, aluminium, tooj liab, zinc). Nrog tooj liab los yog acetic acid compound tsim los ntawm zinc yog lom, thiab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsuas yog ntim rau acetic acid thawv ua los ntawm iav, ceramic, enamel, yas los yog ntoo.
Salicylic acid yog dawb, koob zoo li, crystalline hmoov, tsis muaj tsw (C6H4(OH) COJ). Nws yog ib qho tshuaj lom ntawm tes, thiab nws rhuav tshem nws kab mob thiab spores. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau, nws kuj yog tshuaj lom rau tib neeg kab mob, thiab yog siv rau cov kaus poom hauv cov me me, raws nraim qee qhov nyiaj. Qhov siab tshaj plaws yog ntxiv rau 1 kg ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntooyog 0,8g.
Benzoic acid yog dawb, silky, acicular los yog phaj-zoo li, crystalline khoom (N6С5TAM SIM NO). Nws rhuav tshem cov nyiaj npib zoo heevteria thiab spores. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau, nws kuj muaj kev phom sij rau kab mob, thiab tsuas yog 1 grams yog ntxiv rau 0,5 kg ntawm cov khoom.
Adhesives
Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov hluavtaws nplaum yog nce conquering lub lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob dag los ntawm lub npe "universal kua nplaum". Cov kua nplaum no zoo tab sis tsis yog universal, tsuas yog rau qee cov ntaub ntawvqee qhov haum zoo, qee qhov tsis zoo.
Peb yuav sau qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nplaum nplaum uas tuaj yeem siv tau tau ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev, nrog rau kev ceeb toom, cov ntaub ntawv twg tuaj yeem siv tau nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau lo nrog kua nplaum.
Felt, (pob txha, tawv) yog siv rau gluing ntawv, ntoo, textiles, cellophane, raws li zoo raws li gluing no rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab iav.
Venzol yog polystyrene hnyav, piv txwv li nws cov nplaum. Oslm ntawm kev sib nrig sib gluing ntawm polystyrene daim hlau, nrog benplexiglass, celluloid thiab cellophane yog glued rau polystyrene nrog zol.
Dej iav yog siv rau gluing iav thiab tawv cov ntaub ntawv, xws li bakelite nrog textiles, ntawv, hlau, porcelain thiab ceramics, i.e. nruab nrab ntawm lawv.
Chloroform yog ib qho hnyav, piv txwv li cov nplaum rau plexi-iav. Plexiglas tuaj yeem txuas nrog chloroform rau iav, ceramic, porcelain, polystyrene thiab celluloid.
Boropor nplaum roj hmab rau roj hmab, roj hmab rau hlau, tawv, iav, porcelain, ntoo, textile. Kuj tawv nqaij ntawm hlau, tsis muaj zog rau iav thiab ntoo.
Oh "universal" nplaum tau ua tiav siv rau gluing iav, porcelain, ntoo, yas, hlau.
Risoprene (cov khoom siv roj hmab) feem ntau yog siv rau gluing ntawm roj hmab thiab tawv. Rau gluing linoleum, podolite, vinaz board, parquet ntawm pob zeb kuj pom zoo.
Savanol yog siv rau gluing tawv, roj hmab, ultrantaub pua plag, ntaub pua plag, textiles, ntoo, salonite thiab galvanized ntawv.
Neostik thiab "universal" kua nplaum. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau gluing cov khoom sib txawv; tawv, ntoo, roj hmab, textiles lwm.
Drvofix yog ib qho nplaum rau ntoo, ntoo panels (vaj huam sib luag, chipboard, thiab lwm yam). styrofoam nrog ntoo, parquet ntawm ntoo hauv paus, thiab lwm yam.
Teleol (neoprene). Gluing tawv, roj hmab, yasntawm cov ntaub ntawv, textiles, ntoo, PVC pem teb npog Ltd.
Krautoxin (Kunstsoff aus der Tube). Ob lub ntsiab lus kua nplaum, qhov twg ob lub Cheebtsam yog thawj sib tov thiab ces tsis pub dhau ib nrab teev lawv siv. Zoo nkauj hlau, pob zeb, iav, porcelain, thermostable polyplastics (Bakelite), thiab lwm yam.
Epoxy-glues, xws li: ARALDIT (Switzerland), ERON (Plhaub), EPILOX (Buna-werke), EPORESIT (Hungary), lawv qee zaus nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hmoov, muab tshuaj txhuam, sticksyog, emulsion. Lawv yog cov nplaum zoo heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum sib txuas hlau nrog hlau, i.e. roj hmab, tawv, thiab lwm yam.
Desmodur, desmoden yog polyurethane nplaum, thov thaum gluing hlau nrog roj hmab, i.e. hlau nrog hlau.
