Itacen ya kunshi jijiya, itace, reshe i ganye. Kututture yana wakiltar babban adadin bishiyar kuma yana wakiltar 50 - 90% na girma mai siffar sukari; veins da rassan sun kasance 10 - 50% na yawan itace.
Akwai sassa na asali masu zuwa a cikin itace: zuciya, pith, cambium da haushi. Bawon shine gefen bishiyar, wanda ya bambanta da zuciya. Tsakanin haushi da ramin akwai zobe na sirara, wanda ido ba ya gani kuma ana kiransa. kambi. Kwayoyin cambium, ta hanyar rarraba, kowace shekara suna raba ƙwayoyin zuciya a cikin kututturen bishiyar, da ƙwayoyin haushi a wajen bishiyar. Tun da cambium yana ba da ƙarin ƙwayoyin zuciya fiye da ƙwayoyin haushi, akwai zuciya fiye da haushi.
Zuciya ita ce mafi darajar bishiyar; yana tsakanin zuciya da haushi. Zuciyar tana cikin tsakiyar bishiyar. Ya ƙunshi nau'i mai laushi, mai laushi, wanda ke da ƙananan kayan aikin injiniya. Lokacin da akwai zukata a cikin alluna, laths ko katako, to wannan abu yana samun tsagewa akan lokaci. Sabili da haka, don yawancin abubuwa masu mahimmanci, ba a yarda da kasancewar zuciya a cikin kayan ba.
Ana iya samun wakilcin da ya dace na bishiyar ta hanyar kallonta a sassa uku: transverse, radial i tangantially.
Sashin giciye shi ne wanda aka karkata zuwa ga gadar bishiyar. sashin radial yana tafiya tare da gangar jikin, yana wucewa ta cikin zuciya, a tangential shine wanda ke tafiya tare da gangar jikin a waje da zuciya (Fig. 1).
Sl. 1. Manyan yanke katako guda uku: 1 - tangential; 2 - radial; 3- karkace
A kan giciye na bishiyar, ana iya ganin da'irori, wanda ke karuwa daga tsakiya zuwa gefe, kuma wanda ake kira zoben shekara-shekara (shekaru). Kowane zobe na shekara-shekara ya ƙunshi rufin ciki da na waje. Ana kiran Layer na ciki farkon itace, da na waje marigayi itace. An kafa itacen farko a cikin bazara, kuma marigayi - a lokacin rani. Itacen farko yana da ƙura, ya ƙunshi nau'i mai laushi, ruwa yana ratsa shi tare da narkar da abubuwa masu ma'adinai, waɗanda ake buƙata don abinci na bishiyar. Itacen marigayi ya ƙunshi sel masu kauri masu kauri waɗanda ke ɗauke da kayan aikin injiniya.
Sl. 2. Core haskoki a kan sassan masu juyawa, radial da tangential: 1- cortex; 2 - haruffa; 3 - shekaru; 4 - zuciya; 5 da 6 - fadi da core haskoki
A kan sashin radial, ana ganin yadudduka na shekara-shekara a cikin nau'i na madaidaiciya madaidaiciya, a kan sashin tangential - a cikin nau'i mai lankwasa.
A kan sassan juzu'i, radial da tangential, ban da yadudduka na shekara-shekara, kuna iya gani core haskoki (Hoto na 2). A kan sashin giciye, suna da nau'i na kunkuntar kunkuntar, a kan sashin tangential - layin duhu tare da kunkuntar iyakar. Core haskoki suna aiki don gudanar da ruwa da iska ta cikin kututturen bishiyar a madaidaicin hanya, da kuma adana abubuwan gina jiki. Yawan haskoki a cikin nau'ikan itace daban-daban ya bambanta kuma a cikin Pine yana kusan 3000 a cikin 1 cm2, kuma a cikin spruce 143000. A cikin nau'in coniferous, ainihin haskoki sun mamaye 3 - 10%, kuma a cikin bishiyoyi masu banƙyama 9 - 36% na ƙarar ƙwayar itace.
Rage haskoki sun ƙunshi sel, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin injin, saboda abin da suke ƙara tsagewar itace.
A wasu nau'ikan itace, misali. Ana iya ganin tabo mai launin fari ko duhu a cikin ɓangaren giciye na alder, Birch, yew, chub, ash. Wadannan tabo suna haifar da kwari ko sanyi suna lalata cambium kuma ana kiran sucore stains''. Wadannan tabo mai mahimmanci suna rage ƙarfin injin na itace. Ana iya raba kowane nau'in itace zuwa rukuni hudu:
- nau'in jirgin ruwa (oak, gyada, farin acacia, Pine, ke dar, larch, da dai sauransu);
- Nau'in da balagagge itatuwan zuciya (beech, Linden, spruce, fir, na kowa Siberian da Caucasian fir, da dai sauransu);
- Nau'o'i tare da core da balagagge pith (ash, alkama, da dai sauransu);
- Nau'in Quack (Birch, aspen, black and white alder, hornbeam, maple, chestnut doki, maple, da dai sauransu).
A cikin nau'in itace mai laushi, ana kiran ɓangaren tsakiya mai launin duhu cibiya, da kuma wani ɓangare na launi mai haske - kakar. A cikin nau'in nau'in itace tare da itacen zuciya mai girma, tsakiyar ɓangaren ɓangaren yana da ƙananan adadin danshi fiye da na gefe. A cikin bishiya mai girma, sapwood yana hidima don gudanar da ruwa da tara abubuwan gina jiki. A cikin wasu nau'in itace, ana iya ganin sapwood sau biyu a cikin sashin giciye. Wannan ba komai bane illa matakin farko na rubewar itace da naman gwari na musamman ke lalata itace.
Dangane da ƙarfin injinsa, sapwood baya bambanta da itacen zuciya, amma yana da rauni da juriya ga ruɓewa. Tare da girma na bishiyar, sapwood a hankali yana motsawa cikin itacen zuciya. A cikin aiwatar da wannan canji, na musamman outgrowths, ake kira tayal, da cavities da cell envelopes suna cike da salon salula da kayan cirewa.
Fale-falen fale-falen suna cika abubuwan da ke cikin zuciya, wanda ke sa ta rashin iya jurewa zuwa ruwa. Saboda haka, ana amfani da srcica don yin ganga, tankuna na katako, da dai sauransu. A lokaci guda, zuciyar da ke dauke da tayal yana da matukar wuya a yi ciki tare da maganin rigakafi. Wannan kuma ya shafi bishiyar kudan zuma, wacce ke da tushen karya, wanda aka kirkira sakamakon kamuwa da bishiyar da fungi da ke lalata ta a lokacin girma.
